花魔芋和白魔芋褐变机理及褐变抑制研究

该文通过研究花魔芋和白魔芋球茎中酚类物质含量、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase, PPO)活性、褐变底物和干燥脱水过程中褐变的机理，探讨了无公害酶促褐变抑制剂植酸、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、L-半胱氨酸对魔芋褐变的抑制效果。结果表明：从11月至次年1月，白魔芋球茎的总酚含量始终高于花魔芋，花魔芋的PPO活力始终强于白魔芋，白魔芋的褐变强度始终弱于花魔芋的褐变强度，褐变强度跟魔芋球茎PPO活力呈正相关。引起魔芋褐变的主要底物可能是多巴胺。引起白魔芋和花魔芋褐变的酶均为多酚氧化酶。对白魔芋采用0.01% L-半胱氨酸单因子抑制剂浸泡5 min，并在60℃下烘烤，所得白魔芋干片颜色白，效果最好。对花魔芋采用0.15% L-半胱氨酸+1%柠檬酸+1%植酸+0.01%抗坏血酸组合抑制剂浸泡5 min，并在60℃下烘烤，所得魔芋干片颜色白，效果最好。     

海鳗盐渍过程的动力学和热力学

该文通过对盐渍过程海鳗肌肉中的食盐、水分、质量和密度的变化来研究氯化钠扩散动力学和热力学，以期了解海鳗盐渍过程的基本机制。结果表明，鱼体体积变化与水分失去，水分失去与食盐获得之间具有良好的线性关系，相关系数分别为0.998和0.994。水分失去和食盐获得随着时间变化的拟合相关系数都为0.992，其平均相对误差分别为4.62%和4.87%，动力学模型能很好地与实验数据相吻合。动力学预示的鱼体体积、水分和食盐含量变化，可作为确定腌制时间的依据。热力学研究表明，盐的扩散系数是温度和初始盐渍浓度的函数,活化能的大小表示了温度对扩散过程的影响，活化能随着初始盐渍浓度增加而减小。当鱼体盐浓度较小时，温度是加速腌制的重要因素。     

凹凸棒土吸附剂对单宁酸的吸附研究

为探明凹凸棒土吸附剂吸附单宁酸的吸附过程和机理,采用拟一级速率方程和拟二级速率方程,研究其吸附动力学;根据van't Hoff方程,研究其吸附热力学.结果表明:吸附符合拟二级速率方程;温度升高吸附速率常数和初始吸附速率均先增加后减小,单宁酸初始质量浓度增加则吸附速率常数和初始吸附速率均减小;凹凸棒土吸附剂对单宁酸的吸附...     

石油烃类污染物降解动力学和微生物群落多样性分析

为了探讨不同初始浓度石油污染土壤堆腐化修复机制,以石油降解菌剂和腐熟鸡粪为调理剂,研究了初始浓度分别为5 000(T1)、10 000(T2)和50 000 mg/kg(T3)的石油污染土壤堆腐化修复过程石油烃类污染物降解动力学特征和微生物群落多样性。结果表明:堆腐化修复过程石油烃类污染物降解符合一级反应动力学,反应常数分别为0.012、0.094和0.050 d-1,半衰期分别为6.79、7.37和13.86 d。整个堆腐过程石油烃类污染物平均降解速率分别为112.08、230.05和887.93 mg/(kg·d)。3个处理的孔平均颜色变化率(average well color development)和碳源利用率(除芳香烃类化合物外)随堆腐进程的推进逐渐升高,在堆腐中、后期达到最大,T3处理显著高于T1、T2处理。多聚物类和糖类代谢群是堆腐体系中的优势菌群。主成分分析表明3个处理的微生物群落差异显著(除第9天外),起分异作用的碳源主要是糖类和羧酸类。微生物群落的丰富度指数和均一度指数随堆腐进程的推进逐渐升高并在堆腐后期达到最大,与T1处理相比,T3处理分别高了0.21%和17.64%,差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。微生物群落优势度指数在中期达到最大,T1处理分别比T2、T3处理高2.12%和9.44%,3个处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。堆肥结束时3个处理的种子发芽指数(seed germination index,SGI)分别比堆腐初期提高了18.26%、20.42%和36.41%。该研究结果为黄土高原不同程度石油污染土壤堆腐化修复的应用提供参考依据和理论基础。     

陕西省几种代表性土壤NH4+吸附、解吸动力学特征研究

采用连续液流法测定了五种土壤吸附、解吸ＮＨ＾＋４的动力学性质。研究表明：（１）ＮＨ＾＋４吸附、解吸平衡时间及反应速率，平衡时的吸附、解吸量及吸附平衡常数均随土壤粘粒和ＣＥＣ不同而变化；（２）不同动力学模型及同一模型对不同土壤的拟合性不同。     

大孔树脂对紫甘薯色素的吸附与解吸特性研究

为了选择紫甘薯色素粗提液纯化性能较好的树脂，采用AB-8型、S-8型、NKA-II型和NKA-9型4种大孔树脂对紫甘薯色素进行了吸附与解吸试验，研究了大孔树脂对紫甘薯色素的静态吸附动力学曲线、吸附等温曲线及解吸特性。结果表明：在4种树脂中，AB-8型树脂吸附平衡的速率常数为最大，对紫甘薯色素的吸附量和解吸量分别是S-8、NKA-II及NKA-9的119%，139%，118%和105%，116%，118%，因而AB-8型大孔树脂是用于纯化紫甘薯色素较为合适的吸附剂，解吸时宜选用60%乙醇溶液。     

黄土性土壤在连续液流条件下吸附、解吸磷酸根的动力学研究

采用连续液流法研究了黄土性土壤吸附,解吸磷酸根的动力学性质。结果表明：（１）供试土壤对磷酸根的吸附,解吸扫速率可分为快,中,慢三种反应类型;（２）描述吸附,解吸反应的最优模型均为Ｅｌｏｖｉｃｈ方程,最差模型分别为一级反应方程及双常数方程,拟合差的模型对反应速率变化“敏感”,可用于反应类型划分和机理研究;（３）粘粒含量及代换量对吸附速率有著影响,游离铁对吸附速率,ＣａＣＯ３对较低温度下的吸附及较高温     

Soil phosphorus dynamics in cropping systems managed according to conventional and biological agricultural methods

The effects of conventional and biological farming systems on soil P dynamics were studied by measuring some microbiological parameters after 13 years of different cropping systems. The treatments included control, biodynamic, bio-organic, and conventional plots and a mineral fertilizer treatment. The farming systems differed mainly in the form and quantity of nutrients applied and in the plant protection strategies. The results of a sequential fractionation procedure showed that irrespective of the form of P applied, neither 0.5 M NaHCO _inf3 ^sup- nor 0.1 M NaOH-extractable organic P, but only the inorganic fractions, were affected. The residual organic P, not extracted by NaHCO₃ or NaOH was increased in the biodynamic and bio-organic plots. The soil microbial biomass (ATP content) and the activity of acid phosphatase were also higher in both biologically managed systems. These results were attributed to the higher quantity of organic C and organic P applied in these systems, but also to the absence of or severe reduction in chemical plant protection. The relationship between acid soil phosphatase and residual organic P was interpreted as an indication that this fraction might be involved in short-term transformations. The measurement of the intensity, quantity, and capacity factors of available soil P using the ³²P isotopic exchange kinetic method showed that P could not be the factor limiting crop yield in the biological farming systems. The kinetic parameters describing the ability of P ions to leave the soil solid phase, deduced from isotopic exchange, were significantly higher for the biodynamic treatment than for all other treatments. This result, showing a modification of chemical bonds between P ions and the soil matrix, was explained by the higher Ca and organic matter contents in this system.     

Effects of concentration,incubation temperature,and repeated applications on degradation kinetics of dicyandiamide (DCD) in model experiments with a silt loam soil

Summary The kinetics of dicyandiamide (DCD) decomposition were studied (at 80% water-holding capacity) in pretreated and non-pretreated soils, using model experiments. DCD was added in different concentrations (6.7, 16.7, and 33.3 g DCD-N g^–1 dry soil) and incubated at various temperatures (10°, 20°, and 30°C). Additionally, DCD decomposition was examined in sterile soil (with or without Fe₂O₃) after inoculation with a DCD-enrichment culture. In the sterile variant, (30°C)the applied dicyandiamide concentration remained constant, even after 36 days. In the sterilized and reinoculated variant, DCD disappeared within 7 days. Addition of Fe₂O₃ powder to the sterilized soil had no effect on DCD degradation. In the pretreated soils, DCD mineralization started immediately at all temperatures and concentrations without a lag phase. A temperature increase of 10°C doubled the mineralization rate. The mineralization rates were independent of the initial concentrations. In the non-pretreated soils (except at 30°C with 16.7 and 33.3 g DCD-N g^–1 dry soil) DCD decreased only after a short (30°C) or a long (10°C) lag phase. These results suggest that an inducible metabolic degradation occurred, following zeroorder kinetics.     

基于冠层多光谱数据预测水稻氮素营养状况

A soil batch experiment was conducted to investigate both separate and compound effects of three types of surfactants： anionic dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodiumsalt （DBSS）, cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）, and nonionic nonyl phenol polyethyleneoxy ether （TX-100）, as well as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） on cadmium solubility, sorption kinetics, and sorption-desorption behavior in purple soil. The results indicated that both individual application of the three types of surfactants and surfactants combined with EDTA could stimulate Cd extraction from the soil with a general effectiveness ranking of EDTA/TX-100 〉 EDTA/DBSS 〉 EDTA/CTAB 〉 EDTA 〉 TX-100 〉 DBSS 〉 CTAB. Further study showed that the compound application of surfactants and EDTA had stronger （P 〈 0.05） effects on Cd solubility than those added individually. The application of surfactants and EDTA to purple soil （P 〈 0.05） decreased the proportion of Cd sorbed, while their effectiveness ranking was similar to that of enhanced solubilization. The sorption kinetics of Cd in purple soil was best described by the double-constant equation, while the Freundlich equation gave an excellent fit to the sorption isotherm curves. Therefore, surfactant-enhanced remediation of Cd contaminated soil is feasible and further research should be conducted.